tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64848937045842178592024-03-12T20:29:12.642-07:00contoh makalah Ekosistem laut dangkalNcup sang penyejuk hatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14265221767809427332noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6484893704584217859.post-76714403305913971112012-11-30T09:41:00.000-08:002012-11-30T09:49:25.886-08:00Makalah Ekosistem Laut Dangkal Oleh: Ncup_gelantha@yahoo.com<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;">MAKALAH</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibuat Untuk Memenuhi Nilai-Nilai Mata Pelajaran
Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahun Ajaran 2012/2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">KELOMPOK O4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">“EKOSISTEM LAUT DANGKAL”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DisusunOleh<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad Yusuf</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kunati</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Windi Aprilia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M. Baghir Assegaf</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ISLAMIC
BOARDING SCHOOL TATHMAINUL QULUUB</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jl. Raya </span><span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Panyindangan Wetan No.
13/A RT. 09 Telp</span><span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. (0234) 276687 Hp. </span><span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">08122115881</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sindang – Indramayu 45222</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2012</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai insan yang beriman dan
berpancasila, marilah kita panjatkan puji dan syukur ke hadirat Allah SWT
karena atas kuasa-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan Makalah yang berjudul “
Ekosistem Laut Dangkal“. Makalah ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas
IPA ( Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan adanya makalah ini, penulis berharap
kita sebagai siswa dapat mengetahui dan memahami konsep tentang ekosistem laut
dangkal serta menyadari perlunya mempertahankan ekosistem yang nantinya dapat
diaplikasikan kepada peserta didik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang
telah membantu menyelesaikan makalah ini, mudah-mudahan bantuan yang diberikan
mendapatkan balasan yang berlipat ganda dari Allah SWT.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain itu, penulis juga menyadari bahwa dalam penulisan
makalah ini pasti masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan baik dalam segi isi
maupun penulisannya. Untuk itu, penulis mohon kritik dan sarannya untuk
perbaikan dan penulisan selanjutnya. Akhir kata semoga makalah ini dapat
bermanfaat bagi semuanya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>Indramayu,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11 November<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penulis</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> i</o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KATA PENGANTAR<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAFTAR ISI<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar
Belakang<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan
Masalah<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batasan
Masalah<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
Makalah<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat Makalah<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB II LANDASAN TEORI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pengertian Ekosistem Laut<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.2 Pembagian Ekosistem Laut<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB III PEMBAHASAN KOMPONEN
EKOSISTEM LAUT DANGKAL</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Susunan Sifat Air Laut<u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Adpts. Biota Laut Trhdp. Lingkungan Yang Berkadar Garam Tinggi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Komunitas Di Dalam Ekosistm Air Laut <u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Komponen Ekosistem Laut Dangkal <u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rantai Makanan Dan Aliran Energi Pada Ekosistem Laut Dagkal <u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jaring – Jaring Malanan Pada Ekosistem Laut Dangkal___________ 9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB IV PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kesimpulan <u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>17</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Saran <u style="text-underline: dotted;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>17</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Andalus","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
ii</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LATAR
BELAKANG</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem adalah suatu unit fungsional dari berbagai ukuran
yang tersusun dari bagian komponen dan sistem secara keseluruhan berfungsi
berdasarkan suatu urutan kegiatan yang menyangkut energi dan pemindahan
energi.Dengan beberapa perkecualian, sumber energi azali adalah matahari.Energi
matahari ditangkap oleh komponen ototrofik yaitu tumbuh-tumbuhan hijau. Energi
yang tertangkap disimpan dalam ikatan kimia zat organik tanaman, yang merupakan
tanaman yang mendorong terus berjalannya komponen heterotrofik sistem
tersebut. Organisme heterotrofik meliputi semua bentuk – bentuk kehidupan yang
lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
struktur seperti ini tingkatan trofik yang mengkonsumsi tumbuhan tingkatan
pertama antara lain adalah hewa- hewan yang disebut hebiivora. Herbivore pad
gilirannya dikonsumsi oleh karnivora, yang pada giliran berikutnya dikonsumsi
oleh karnivora yang lebih besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komponen
terkahir dari struktur trofik yaitu pengurai atau decomposer.Pengurai dalah
organisme terutama bakteri yang memecah molekul organikk yang kompleks dari
organisme mati, menjadi molekul sederhana sehingga dapat digunakan lagi oleh
ototrof.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komponen
abiotik yang diperlukan dari struktur trofik suatu ekosistem adalah suatu
sumber energy, nutrient dan sumber air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RUMUSAN
MASALAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahluk
hidup dalam ekosistem alami</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BATASAN
MASALAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem
Darat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem
Perairan (Air Tawar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem
Laut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TUJUAN
MAKALAH </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuannya agar dapat menambah wawasan bagi
pembaca,khususnya para mahasiswa Fakultas keguruan dan ilmu Pendidikan,agar
lebih memahami tentang pengertian Ekosisitem serta golongan-golongan Eosistem
yang terbagi atas beberapa golongan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANFAAT
MAKALAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makalah ini dibuat adalah sebagai acuan atau panduan untuk
para pembaca dan juga mahasiswa fakultas keguruan dan ilmu pendidikan
dalam proses pembelajaran baik di sekolah maupun di luar sekolah</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II<br />
LANDASAN TEORI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1 PENGERTIAN
EKOSISTEM LAUT<br /> Ekosistem air laut merupakan ekosistem yang memiliki ciri-ciri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">salinitas
(kadar garam) yang tinggi dengan ion CI- mencapai 55% terutama di daerah laut
tropik, karena suhunya tinggi dan penguapan besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ekosistem
yang memiliki perbedaan suhu bagian atas dan bawah tinggi. (Batas antara
lapisan air yang panas di bagian atas dengan air yang dingin di bagian bawah
disebut daerah termoklin)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak
dipengaruhi oleh iklim dan cuaca.<br />
<br />
Ekosistem air laut terbagi menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pantai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estuari
(muara)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terumbu
karang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2 PEMBAGIAN EKOSISTEM LAUT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pembagian daerah ekosistem air laut, berdasarkan
kedalamannya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.1 Daerah
Litoral/Daerah Pasang Surut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah
litoral adalah daerah yang langsung berbatasan dengan darat.Radiasi matahari,
variasi temperatur dan salinitas mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih berarti untuk
daerah ini dibandingkan dengan daerah laut lainnya. Biota yang hidup di daerah
ini antara lain: ganggang yang hidup sebagai bentos, teripang, binatang laut, udang,
kepiting, cacing laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.2
Daerah Neritik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah
neritik merupakan daerah laut dangkal, daerah ini masih dapat ditembus cahaya
sampai ke dasar, kedalaman daerah ini dapat mencapai 200 m. Biota yang hidup di
daerah ini adalah plankton, nekton, neston dan bentos. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.3 Daerah Batial atau Daerah
Remang-remang:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedalamannya antara 200 - 2000 m,
sudah tidak ada produsen.Hewannya berupa nekton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.4 Daerah Abisal:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah abisal adalah daerah laut
yang kedalamannya lebih dari 2000 m. Daerah ini gelap sepanjang masa, tidak
terdapat produsen.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB III<br />
PEMBAHASAN</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM LAUT DANGKAL</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SUSUNAN
SIFAT AIR LAUT </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu Air Laut </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu air laut pada Perairan Indonesia yang terletak di
daerah tropik, maka hampir sepanjang tahun suhu lapisan permukaan air lautnya
tinggi, berkisar 26° C - 30° C. Perubahan temperatur (amplitudo) air laut,
kecil karena air laut lambat menjadi panas dan lambat menjadi dingin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan
air laut tidak sama besarnya pada kedalaman yang berbeda, makin dalam tingkat
kedalaman laut maka makin besar tekanannya. Tekanan udara tiap m² permukaan air
laut sebesar 10.000 kilogram harus diperhitungkan sebagai faktor penghitung
dalam mengukur tekanan air laut.Berat untuk 1 meter³ air laut lebih kurang 1150
kilogram. Jadi tekanan air laut pada kedalaman 100 meter adalah: 100 x 1150 kg
+ 10.000 kg = 125.000 kg/m² </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ADAPTASI
BIOTA LAUT TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN YANG BERKADAR GARAM TINGGI </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada hewan dan tumbuhan tingkat rendah tekanan osmosisnya
kurang lebih sama dengan tekanan osmosis air laut sehingga tidak terlalu
mengalami kesulitan untuk beradaptasi. Tetapi bagaimanakah dengan hewan tingat
tinggi, seperti ikan yang mempunyai tekanan osmosis jauh lebih rendah daripada
tekanan osmosis air laut. Cara ikan beradaptasi dengan kondisi seperti itu
adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">banyak minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">air masuk ke jaringan secara osmosis
melalui usus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sedikit mengeluarkan urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengeluaran air terjadi secara
osmosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">garam-garam dikeluarkan secara aktif
melalui insang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KOMUNITAS
DI DALAM EKOSISTEM AIR LAUT </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut fungsinya, komponen biotik
ekosistem laut dapat dibedakan menjadi 4, yaitu:<br />
3.3.1 Produsen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri dari fitoplankton dan
ganggang laut lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3.2 Konsumen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri dari berbagai jenis
hewan.Hampir semua filum hewan ditemukan di dalam ekosistem laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3.3 Zooplankton</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri atas bakteri dan hewan hewan
pemakan bangkai atau sampah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
ekosistem laut dalam, yaitu pada daerah batial dan abisal merupakan daerah
gelap sepanjang masa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di daerah
tersebut tidak berlangsung kegiatan fotosintesis, berarti tidak ada produsen,
sehingga yang ditemukan hanya konsumen dan dekompos saja.Ekosistem laut dalam
merupakan suatu ekosistem yang tidak lengkap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KOMPONEN
EKOSISTEM LAUT DANGKAL </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo19; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nekton</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata “nekton" diberikan oleh Ernst Haeckel tahun 1890
yang berasal dari kata Yunani (Greek) yang artinya berenang ("the
swimming") yang meliputi (biofluidynamics, biomechanics, functional
morphology of fluid locomotion, locomotor physiology).Ilmunya disebut Nektology.Orangnya
disebut Nektologist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo19; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plankton</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plankton didefinisikan sebagai organisme hanyut apapun yang
hidup dalam zona pelagic (bagian atas) samudera, laut, dan badan air
tawar.Secara luas plankton dianggap sebagai salah satu organisme terpenting di
dunia, karena menjadi bekal makanan untuk kehidupan akuatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi kebanyakan makhluk laut, plankton adalah makanan utama
mereka.Plankton terdiri dari sisa-sisa hewan dan tumbuhan laut.Ukurannya kecil
saja. Walaupun termasuk sejenis benda hidup, plankton tidak mempunyai kekuatan
untuk melawan arus, air pasang atau angin yang menghanyutkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plankton hidup di pesisir pantai di mana ia mendapat bekal
garam mineral dan cahaya matahari yang mencukupi. Ini penting untuk
memungkinkannya terus hidup.Mengingat plankton menjadi makanan ikan, tidak
mengherankan bila ikan banyak terdapat di pesisir pantai.Itulah sebabnya
kegiatan menangkap ikan aktif dijalankan di kawasan itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo19; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neuston</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neuston adalah istilah kolektif untuk organisme yang
mengapung di atas air (epineuston) atau tinggal tepat di bawah permukaan
(hyponeuston)..Neustons terdiri dari beberapa spesies ikan, kumbang, protozoa,
bakteri, dan laba laba air. . Sebuah laba-laba air adalah contoh umum yang
melompat melintasi air tegangan permukaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo19; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perifiton</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompleks biota akuatik sesil terasosiasi dengan detritus,
yang menempel pada substrat terendam; kompleks campuran mikroalga,
cyanobacteria, heterotropic mikroba, protozoa, dan detritus; organisme bentik
terkombinasi dengan mikroba biofilm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti fitoplankton, perifiton dapat ditemukan pada banyak
tipe perairan, mulai dari kolam kecil hingga laut luas; berbagai macam substrat
dalam air dengan keberadaan cahaya dapat mensupport pertumbuhan perifiton<br />
Peran perifiton :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai
Produsen primer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikator
mutu kualitas air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjaga
kualitas air pada indicator mutu tertentu bagi perairan perikanan yang
terkendali</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat
digunakan sebagai agen filtrasi dalam produksi akuakultur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RANTAI
MAKANAN DAN ALIRAN ENERGI PADA EKOSISTEM LAUT DANGKAL </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari pemaparan-pemaparan di atas, kita sudah mengetahui
bahwa ekosistem laut dangkal merupakan daerah dimana cahaya matahari dapat
masuk, sehingga, ekosistem ini memiliki potensi fotosintesis yang sangat
tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita juga sudah mengetahui bahwa di dalam ekosistem ini
terdapat banyak makhluk hidup yang terbagi menjadi produsen, konsumen
(makrokonsumen ataupun detritivor), dan dekomposer. Dari data-data ini,
selanjutnya kita bisa membuat konsep rantai makanan pada ekosistem laut dangkal
dengan produsen sebagai awalannya (jenis rantai makanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konsumen</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perumput). Rantai makanan pada
ekosistem ini yaitu : produsen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Konsumen
III, dst. Gambar piramida makanan dibawah</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> konsumen II </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini akan lebih memperjelas
rantai makanan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produsen, yaitu phytoplankton, makroalga ataupun tanaman
berbunga (seagrass) membuat zat organik melalui fotosintesis dengan mengambil
energi dari matahari. Lalu, konsumen I yang merupakan herbivora memakan
tumbuhan tersebut, sehingga sesuai dengan hukum kekelan energi dimana energi
tidak bisa dihancurkan maupun diciptakan, namun hanya bisa diubah menjadi
bentuk energi lain, maka energi matahari pada tumbuhan pastilah akan berpindah
ke konsumen I. Tetapi, karena apapun yang kita makan pasti akan menghasilkan
residu, dan kita juga menMgeluarkan energi saat mencerna makanan tersebut, maka
tidak semua energi dari makanan yang kita makan diserap oleh tubuh. Karena
itulah, kira-kira energi yang bisa diserap konsumen dari makanannya hanya
sebesar 10%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Misalnya energi cahaya matahari yang ditangkap oleh tumbuhan
sebesar 10,000 Kj, maka konsumen I akan mendapat energi kira-kira sebesar 1000
Kj. Konsumen II akan mendapat energi kira-kira sebesar 100 Kj. Konsumen III
akan mendapat energi kira-kira sebesar 10 Kj, dst. Itulah sebabnya mengapa
jumlah rumput laut selalu lebih besar dari konsumen-konsumen diatasnya dan ikan
hiu selalu berjumlah lebih sedikit dibandingkan hewan-hewan mangsa yang berada
di taraf trofi lebih rendah.Tentunya karena rumput laut selalu mendapatkan
energi paling besar dan ikan hiu selalu mendapat energi paling sedikit.Inilah
alasan mengapa piramida makanan selalu berbentuk segitiga, karena piramida ini
juga menunjukkan jumlah. Skema aliran energi bisa dilihat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam gambar
di bawah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JARING-JARING
MAKANAN PADA EKOSISTEM LAUT DANGKAL</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telah
kita ketahui bahwa ekosistem laut dangkal merupakan ekosistem yang terpapar
cahaya matahari sehingga ada banyak sekali produsen yang bisa hidup di area
ekosistem ini.Kita juga sudah mengetahui urutan rantai makanan dan aliran
energi di dalam ekosistem laut dangkal.Sekarang kita bisa memaparkan
jaring-jaring makanan di ekosistem laut dangkal dengan meninjau gambar-gambar
berikut ini.<br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gambar 2.6 Jaring-Jaring Makanan
Ekosistem Laut Dangkal</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem air laut memiliki luas lebih dari 2/3 permukaan
bumi ( + 70 % ). Ekosistem laut memiliki kadar mineral yang tinggi, ion
terbanyak ialah Cl`(55%), namun kadar garam di laut bervariasi, ada yang tinggi
(seperti di daerah tropika) dan ada yang rendah (di laut beriklim dingin).
Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman dan perubahan iklim, laut menemui
masalah-masalah dalam ekosistemnya.Ekosistem laut semakin lama menemui situasi
yang memperihatinkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Permasalahan ekosistem laut yang ditemui terdiri dari:
hilangnya ekosistem terumbu karang dan pencemaran laut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.6.1 Hilangnya Ekosistem Terumbu
Karang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem
terumbu karang adalah ekosistem di dasar laut tropis yang dibangun terutama
oleh biota laut penghasil kapur (CaCO3) khususnya jenis-jenis karang batu dan
alga berkapur, bersama-sama dengan biota yang hidup di dasar lainnya seperti
jenis-¬jenis moluska, krustasea, ekhinodermata, polikhaeta, porifera, dan
tunikata serta biota-biota lain yang hidup bebas di perairan sekitarnya,
termasuk jenis-jenis plankton dan jenis-jenis nekton.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Veron (1995) dan Wallace (1998) mengemukakan bahwa ekosistem
terumbu karang adalah unik karena umumnya hanya terdapat di perairan tropis,
sangat sensitif terhadap perubahan lingkungan hidupnya terutama suhu,
salinitas, cahaya, sedimentasi, dan arus dan gelombang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan suhu lingkungan akibat
pemanasan global yang melanda perairan tropis ditahun 1998 telah menyebabkan
pemutihan karang (coral bleaching) yang diikuti dengan kematian massal mencapai
90-95%.Suharsono (1999) mencatat selama peristiwa pemutihan tersebut, rata-rata
suhu permukaan air di perairan Indonesia adalah 2-3 oC di atas suhu
normal.Perkiraan di atas didasarkan pada suatu penelitian yang menyebutkan
bahwa perubahan suhu alami, baik yang ekstrim (maksimum dan minimum) maupun
secara mendadak, di bawah atau di atas suhu optimumnya dapat mengurangi
pertumbuhan karang bahkan mematikannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salinitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan pada salinitas juga akan
mempengaruhi terumbu karang. Hal ini sesuai dengan penjelasan McCook (1999)
bahwa curah hujan yang tinggi dan aliran material permukaan dari daratan
(mainland run off) dapat membunuh terumbu karang melalui peningkatan sedimen
dan terjadinya penurunan salinitas air laut. Efek selanjutnya adalah kelebihan
zat hara (nutrient overload) berkontribusi terhadap degradasi terumbu karang
melalui peningkatan pertumbuhan makroalga yang melimpah (overgrowth) terhadap
karang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cahaya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bertambahnya volume dan meningkatnya
tinggi permukaan air laut akan memengaruhi kedalaman penetrasi cahaya matahari
menjadi semakin berkurang. Cahaya diperlukan oleh alga simbiotik zooxanthallae
dalam proses fotosintesis guna memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen terumbu karang.
Dengan berkurangnya kedalaman penetrasi cahaya, maka laju fotosintesis akan
menurun dan kemampuan karang untuk menghasilkan kalsium karbonat pembentuk
terumbu akan menurun pula. Sehingga ekosistem terumbu karang (pada kedalaman 10
meter atau lebih) akan mengalami penurunan produktifitas dengan cepat dan dapat
menyebabkan kematian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedimentasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang pasang ataupun tsunami
yang diakibatkan oleh pemanasan global tentu akan mengakibatkan terangkutnya
sedimen dari lautan ke daratan. Peristiwa ini nampaknya membawa sedikit
keuntungan bagi terumbu karang yang masih mampu bertahan hidup setelah diterpa
oleh gelombang dahsyat tersebut. Namun hal tersebut tak akan berlangsung lama
sebab gelombang gelombang pasang tersebut dalam beberapa waktu kemudian akan
kembali ditarik ke laut. Kekuatan gelombang yang dahsyat tersebut akan membawa
berbagai macam materi dari daratan bersamanya. Sehingga pada saat kembali ke
laut, sebagian materi-materi dari daratan tersebut ada yang terhenti di daerah
pesisir dan lautan dangkal, yang kemudian meningkatkan jumlah sedimen di daerah
tersebut.Jumlah sedimen yang sangat banyak tersebut akan mengakibatkan
tertutupnya polip karang yang masih hidup sehingga tidak dapat melakukan
fotosintesis ataupun menghasilkan kalsium karbonat sebagai pembentuk terumbu.
Dalam jangka waktu tertentu, ekosistem terumbu karang di daerah tersebut pun
akan segera musnah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dasarnya pertumbuhan terumbu
karang yang berada di daerah berarus akan lebih baik apabila dibandingkan
dengan pertumbuhan terumbu karang yang hidup di perairan tenang. Ini disebabkan
selain gelombang air laut dapat memberikan pasokan oksigen yang banyak,
gelombang juga membawa plankton yang baru untuk koloni karang, serta dapat
menghalangi pengendapan pada koloni karang. Namun apabila pemanasan global
terus berlanjut, keadaan yang menguntungkan tersebut akan berbalik 180 derajat
menjadi kerugian yang sangat besar bagi ekosistem terumbu karang. Sebab dengan
bertambahnya volume lautan, akan mengakibatkan air laut meluap sehingga
terjadilah gelombang pasang yang sangat dahsyat. Selain itu potensi untuk
terjadinya badai akan semakin meningkat. Badai berkekuatan tinggi ditambah
dengan faktor lainnya yang dapat timbul akibat pemanasan global (semisal
pergeseran lempeng bumi) akan mengakibatkan terjadinya tsunami dengan kekuatan
penghancur yang tak dapat dibayangkan. Munculnya gelombang pasang maupun
tsunami akan merusak kondisi fisik terumbu karang, bahkan bukan tidak mungkin
terumbu karang tersebut akan hancur dan ikut terseret gelombang. Dengan adanya
peristiwa tersebut, sudah tentu ekosistem terumbu karang akan semakin berkurang
bahkan musnah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.6.2 Pencemaran Laut</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
mulanya orang berfikir bahwa dengan melihat luasnya lautan, maka semua hasil buangan
sampah dan sisa-sisa industri yang berasal dari aktifitas manusia di daratan seluruhnya
dapat di tampung oleh lautan tanpa membuat suatu akibat yang membahayakan.
Bahan pencemar yang masuk ke dalam lautan akan diencerkan dan kekuatan
mencemarnya secara perlahan-lahan akan diperlemah sehingga membuat mereka
menjadi tidak berbahaya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan
makin cepatnya pertumbuhan penduduk dunia dan makin meningkatnya lingkungan
industri mengakibatkan makin banyak bahan-bahan yang bersifat racun yang
dibuang ke laut dalam jumlah yang sulit untuk dapat dikontrol secara tepat.
Pencemaran laut merupakan suatu ancaman yang benar-benar harus ditangani secara
sungguh-sungguh.Banyak kecelakaan dilautan yang menyebabkan tercecernya
bahan-bahan yang bersifat racun dalam jumlah yang sangat besar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut
ini adalah beberapa fakta terhadap pencemaran laut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran
laut di dunia menyebabkan kerusakan pada lingkungan dan kehidupan bawah laut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
tahun 2008, para penyelam mengangkat 219.528 lbs (99.57 ton) sampah dan
benda-benda bekas dari 1.000 mil luas laut - rata-rata 1 penyelam mengangkat 25
ton sampah dan benda-benda bekas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hampir
80% pencemaran laut disebabkan oleh plastik. Di beberapa daerah di samudra,
perbandingan untuk plastik dan plankton adalah 6:1 (6 banding 1).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diperkirakan
46.000 potong sampah plastik mengapung di setiap 1 mil dari samudra – 70% dari
sampah plastik itu di perkirakan akhirnya akan tenggelam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plastik
tidak mudah untuk di uraikan. Saat sampah plastik masuk ke laut, dibutuhkan
bertahun-tahun untuk di uraikan – terurai secara perlahan menjadi potongan
kecil yang akhirnya menjadi debu plastik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telah
dilaporkan ada lebih dari 260 jenis hewan laut di seluruh dunia yang terjerat
dan memakan sisa-sisa tali pancing, jala dan sampah-sampah laut lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diperkirakan
100.000 mamalia laut termasuk lumba-lumba, paus, anjing laut, dan penyu laut
terancam dengan banyaknya sampah dan benda-benda bekas yang masuk ke laut tiap
tahunnya. Dan 86% dari populasi penyu laut terkena dampak buruk dari pencemaran
laut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih
dari 1 juta populasi burung laut mati karena pencemaran laut setiap tahunnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa masalah pencemaran di laut
yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran Minyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat ini industri minyak dunia telah berkembang pesat,
sehingga kecelakaan-kecelakaan yang mengakibatkan tercecernya minyak dilautan
hampir tidak bisa dielakkan.Kapal tanker mengangkut minyak mentah dalam jumlah
besar tiap tahun. Apabila terjadi pencemaran minyak dilautan, ini akan
mengakibatkan minyak mengapung diatas permukaan laut yang akhirnya terbawa arus
dan terbawa ke pantai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran minyak mempunyai pengaruh luas terhadap hewan dan
tumbuh-tumbuhan yang hidup disuatu daerah.Minyak yang mengapung berbahaya bagi
kehidupan burung laut yang suka berenang diatas permukaan air. Tubuh burung
akan tertutup minyak sehingga untuk membersihkannya, mereka menjilatinya.
Akibatnya mereka banyak minum minyak dan mencemari diri sendiri.Selain itu,
mangrove dan daerah air payau juga rusak. Mikroorganisme yang terkena
pencemaran akan segera menghancurkan ikatan organik minyak, sehingga banyak
daerah pantai yang terkena ceceran minyak secara berat telah bersih kembali hanya
dalam waktu 1 atau 2 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran logam berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Logam-logam
berat yang masuk kedalam tubuh hewan umumnya tidak dikeluarkan lagi dari tubuh
mereka.Karena itu logam-logam cenderung untuk menumpuk di dalam tubuhnya.
Sebagi akibatnya logam-logam tersebut akan terus berada di sepanjang rantai
makan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh karena predator pada satu trofik level makan
mangsa mereka dari trofik yang lebih rendah yang telah tercemar (ikan dimakan
oleh manusia). Disini terlihat bahwa kandungan konsentrasi logam berat terdapat
lebih tinggi pada tubuh hewan yang letaknya lebih tinggi didalam tropik
level.Jadi predator tingkat tinggi (dengan umur lebih panjang) lebih banyak
menumpuk logam berat. Contoh pencemaran logam berat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Minamata
Disease” (di Jepang) yang disebabkan oleh Hg (merkuri). Menyebabkan kelemahan
otot, kehilangan penglihatan, ketidakseimbangan fungsi otot dan kelumpuhan.
Selain itu juga meracuni janin dan merusak sistem syaraf pusat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Itai-itai
Disease” yang disebabkan oleh logam Cd. Menyebabkan nyeri/ngilu<br />
pada tulang, mempengaruhi kehamilan, lactasi, ketidakseimbangan internal
sekresi, penuaan, dan kekurangan kalsium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh
Logam Berat Terhadap Ekosistem Laut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Logam
berat yang dilimpahkan ke perairan, baik sungai ataupun laut akan mengalami
proses-proses seperti pengendapan, adsorpsi dan absorpsi oleh organisme-organisme
perairan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh
logam berat terhadap organisme-organisme tersebut atas dasar daya racunnya
dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersifat
lethal atau mematikan -> LC50 (median lethal concentration)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersifat
sublethal. Pengaruh sublethal dapat menghambat pertumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkembangan
dan reproduksi; menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan morfologi; merubah tingkah
laku organisme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampah yang mengandung kotoran minyak juga dibuang kelaut
melalui sistem daerah aliran sungai (DAS).Sampah-sampah ini kemungkinan
mengandung logam berat dengan konsentrasi yang tinggi. Tetapi umumnya mereka
kaya akan bahan-bahan organik, sehingga akan memperkaya kandungan zat-zat
makanan pada suatu daerah yang tercemar yang membuat kondisi lingkungan menjadi
lebih baik bagi pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Aktifitas pernafasan dari organisme
ini membuat makin menipisnya kandungan oksigen khususnya pada daerah estuarin.
Hal tersebut akan berpengaruh besar pada kehidupan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan
yang hidup disitu. Pada keadaan yang paling ekstrim, jumlah spesies yang ada
didaerah itu akan berkurang secara drastis dan dapat mengakibatkan bagian dasar
dari estuarin kehabisan oksigen. Sehingga mikrofauna yang dapat hidup hanya
dari golongan cacing.Jenis-jenis sampah kebanyakan termasuk golongan yang mudah
hancur dengan cepat, sehingga pencemaran yang disebabkannya tidak merupakan
suatu masalah besar diperairan terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pestisida</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh pestisida adalah bersifat
akumulatif. Mereka sengaja ditebarkan ke dalam suatu lingkungan dengan tujuan
untuk mengontrol hama tanaman atau organisme-organisme lain yang tidak
diingini. Beberapa pestisida yang dipakai kebanyakan berasal dari suatu grup
bahan kimia yang disebut Organochloride, misalnya DDT.Pestisida jenis ini
termasuk golongan yang mempunyai ikatan molekul yang sangat kuat dimana
molekul-molekul ini kemungkinan dapat bertahan di alam sampai beberapa tahun
sejak mereka mulai dipergunakan. Hal itu sangat berbahaya karena dengan
digunakannya golongan ini secara terus menerus akan membuat mereka menumpuk di
lingkungan dan akhirnya mencapai suatu tingkatan yang tidak dapat ditolerir
lagi dan berbahaya bagi organisme hidup didaerah tersebut. Beberapa organisme
air termasuk ikan dan udang ternyata menumpuk bahan kimia didalam jaringan
tubuhnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limbah Industri Dan Domestic</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limbah adalah limbah cair yang berasal dari masyarakat
urban, termasuk di dalamnya limbah kota (municipal) dan aktivitas industri,
yang masuk ke sistem saluran pembuangan kota. Pada umumnya limbah domestik
mengandung sampah padat (berupa tinja, dan cair yang berasal dari rumah
tangga). Berdasarkan sifat fisik, kimia air limbah, tingkah lakunya diperairan
dan pengaruhnya terhadap organisme, jenis limbah industri ada 5 :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 269.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 106.35pt 9.0cm; text-indent: -184.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan
organik terlarut<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bahan beracun, tahan urai dan biodegradable</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 269.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 106.35pt 9.0cm; text-indent: -184.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan
-bahan anorganik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>unsur-unsur hara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 269.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 106.35pt 9.0cm; text-indent: -184.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahanorganik
tidak larut<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>minyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 269.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 106.35pt 9.0cm; text-indent: -184.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan
anorganik yang tidak larut. Contohnya logam berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 269.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 106.35pt 9.0cm; text-indent: -184.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan
radioaktif</span> </div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6484893704584217859#allposts" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 241.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 70.9pt 8.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 241.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 70.9pt 8.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 241.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 70.9pt 8.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
IV</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KESIMPULAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekosistem laut dangkal merupakan
daerah dimana cahaya matahari dapat masuk, sehingga, ekosistem ini memiliki
potensi fotosintesis yang sangat tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada aliran energi, energi yang bisa
diserap konsumen dari makanannya hanya sebesar 10%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semakin ke atas maka energi yang
dihasilkan semakin kecil</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SARAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita harus bisa menekan kehilangan
ekosistem terumbu karang yang hilang akibat perunahan iklim dengan cara menanam
bibit-bibit dari terumbu karang tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demi menjaga kelestarian ekosistem
laut dangkal kita harus bisa menekan sekecil mungkin pencemaran-pencemaran laut
seperti tidak membuang limbah dan pestisida ke lautan.</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://ncupphe30jan.blogspot.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://damandiri.or.id/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://damandiri.or.id/</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/sandy/indexfr.htm,
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://repository.ui.ac.id/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://repository.ui.ac.id/</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.sciencelearn.org./contexts/life_in_the_sea/nz_research bryozoans_and_ocean_acidification, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.scribd.com/doc/24004638/
-NEGATIF-PEMANASAN-GLOBAL-BAGI- KELANGSUNGAN-HIDUP-EKOSISTEM-TERUMBU-KARANG.</span></div>
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<br />Ncup sang penyejuk hatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14265221767809427332noreply@blogger.com1